"Federal Programs Reinforced Segregation"

"Suburban expansion financed by the Federal Housing Administration, another New Deal agency, was also discriminatory. In the Los Angeles area, Panorama City, developed by Henry J. Kaiser in the late 1940s, and Lakewood, developed by Mark Taper and his partners, were FHA-supported on explicit condition that African Americans be barred. FHA rules stated that 'incompatible racial elements' would disqualify builders from essential federally backed loans. The FHA also frequently required that property deeds prohibit resale to African Americans."

Richard Rothstein in the Los Angeles Times writes that "government's unconstitutional and systematic insistence on segregated housing in the mid-20th century" created "patterns that persist to this day."

Katie Nodjimbadem at Smithsonian Magazine interviews Rothstein.

And Steve Hochstadt at History News Network discusses Rothstein's The Color of Law.